Dari Keadilan Korektif ke Keadilan Distributif: Landasan Aksiologis Prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibility

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) merupakan salah satu pilar utama dalam hukum lingkungan internasional yang muncul sebagai respons terhadap tantangan perubahan iklim dan degradasi lingkungan global. Namun, permasalahan mendasar yang muncul adalah bagaimana prinsip ini memperoleh legitimasi normatifnya, khususnya ketika dihadapkan pada ketimpangan historis antara negara maju dan negara berkembang dalam pembagian beban dan tanggung jawab lingkungan. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menelaah landasan filosofis dari prinsip CBDR dengan menelusuri pergeseran paradigma dari keadilan korektif menuju keadilan distributif. Pendekatan filsafat hukum digunakan untuk menegaskan bahwa keadilan korektif berfokus pada pemulihan kerugian akibat tindakan tertentu, sementara keadilan distributif menekankan pembagian beban secara proporsional berdasarkan kapasitas, kondisi historis, dan posisi struktural negara. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa CBDR adalah mencerminkan nilai solidaritas internasional dan asas keadilan distributif yang menuntut pembagian tanggung jawab global secara adil dan berkelanjutan lintas generasi. Dengan kerangka aksiologis, artikel ini menegaskan bahwa CBDR memiliki fondasi filosofis yang kuat dan relevan dalam mewujudkan tata kelola lingkungan global yang lebih adil, inklusif, dan berkelanjutan.

Kata kunci: common but differentiated responsibility; keadilan distributif; keadilan korektif.

ABSTRACT

Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) has become one of the main pillars of international environmental law, emerging as a response to the challenges of climate change and global environmental degradation. However, a fundamental issue arises regarding how this principle gains its normative legitimacy, particularly in the context of historical inequalities between developed and developing countries in the distribution of environmental burdens and responsibilities. The purpose of this article is to explore the philosophical foundations of the CBDR principle by examining the paradigm shift from corrective justice to distributive justice. Through the lens of legal philosophy, corrective justice is understood as an effort to restore losses caused by certain actions, while distributive justice emphasizes the proportional distribution of burdens and responsibilities based on states’ capacities, historical conditions, and structural positions. The findings demonstrate that CBDR is not merely a norm arising from international agreements but also reflects the values of international solidarity and distributive justice, which demand a fair and sustainable sharing of responsibilities across generations. By employing ontological, epistemological, and axiological perspectives, this article argues that CBDR has a strong philosophical foundation and remains highly relevant in shaping a more just, inclusive, and sustainable global environmental governance.

Keywords: common but differentiated responsibility; corrective justice; distributive justice.