Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan terhadap Pengawasan Limbah Radioaktif di Kawasan Industri Cikande Banten

Abstract

ABSTRAK
Kasus kontaminasi radioaktif Cesium-137 yang ditemukan di Kawasan Industri Modern Cikande,  Banten, menjadi bukti nyata lemahnya efektivitas penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia, khususnya dalam pengawasan dan pengelolaan limbah radioaktif yang berpotensi membahayakan manusia dan ekosistem. Penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya mengenai penegakan hukum lingkungan belum banyak membahas secara mendalam tentang efektivitas pengawasan limbah radioaktif, terutama pada kawasan industri yang diawasi oleh lembaga teknis seperti BAPETEN dan KLHK. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pertanyaan bagaimana efektivitas penegakan hukum lingkungan terhadap pengawasan limbah radioaktif di kawasan industri Indonesia dengan studi kasus pada peristiwa Cikande. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan teori efektivitas hukum Soerjono Soekanto yang menitikberatkan pada aspek substansi hukum, struktur kelembagaan, dan budaya hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun perangkat hukum seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1997 tentang Ketenaganukliran telah mengatur secara komprehensif mengenai pengawasan limbah radioaktif, implementasinya di lapangan masih menghadapi berbagai kendala. Lemahnya koordinasi antar instansi, keterlambatan deteksi dini, dan belum terintegrasinya sistem pelaporan antar lembaga pengawas menjadikan pengawasan tidak berjalan optimal. Selain itu, sanksi yang diterapkan masih bersifat administratif dan belum konsisten menerapkan mekanisme pencegahan dini (precautionary principle), sehingga tidak menimbulkan efek jera bagi pelaku industri. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa efektivitas penegakan hukum lingkungan terhadap pengawasan limbah radioaktif hanya dapat tercapai apabila terdapat sinergi antar lembaga, penguatan kelembagaan, penerapan sistem pengawasan berbasis teknologi informasi, serta peningkatan kesadaran dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam menjaga lingkungan secara berkelanjutan.
Kata Kunci: badan pengawas tenaga nuklir; cikande; efektivitas hukum; limbah radioaktif; penegakan hukum lingkungan.

ABSTRACT
The case of Cesium-137 radioactive contamination discovered at the Cikande Modern Industrial Area, Banten, stands as concrete evidence of the weak effectiveness of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia, particularly in the supervision and management of radioactive waste that poses potential harm to humans and ecosystems. Prior studies on environmental law enforcement have not sufficiently examined the effectiveness of radioactive waste supervision, especially in industrial areas overseen by technical agencies such as BAPETEN and KLHK. This study focuses on the question of how effective environmental law enforcement is in supervising radioactive waste in Indonesian industrial areas, with the Cikande incident as a case study. To address this question, the study employs a normative legal approach grounded in Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness, which emphasizes three aspects: legal substance, institutional structure, and legal culture. The findings indicate that although legal instruments such as Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management and Law Number 10 of 1997 on Nuclear Energy have comprehensively regulated radioactive waste supervision, their implementation in the field continues to face numerous obstacles. Weak inter-agency coordination, delayed early detection, and the lack of integrated reporting systems among supervisory bodies have prevented supervision from functioning optimally. Furthermore, the sanctions applied remain predominantly administrative in nature and have not consistently implemented the precautionary principle as an early prevention mechanism, thereby failing to create adequate deterrence for industrial actors. This study affirms that effective environmental law enforcement in radioactive waste supervision can only be achieved through inter-institutional synergy, institutional capacity-building, the application of an information technology-based monitoring system, and enhanced public awareness and participation in sustaining environmental protection.
Keywords: nuclear supervisory agency; cikande; law effectiveness; radioactive waste; environmental law enforcement.