Penguatan Prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) dalam Perlindungan Hak Tanah Masyarakat Adat

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) merupakan mekanisme penting dalam perlindungan hak masyarakat adat atas tanah dan sumber daya alam. Namun, dalam konteks Indonesia, pengaturan prinsip FPIC belum terakomodasi secara eksplisit dalam sistem hukum nasional, meskipun telah memperoleh pengakuan dalam instrumen hukum internasional seperti United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) dan ILO Convention No. 169. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis posisi dan tantangan implementasi prinsip FPIC dalam sistem hukum Indonesia, serta merumuskan strategi penguatan pelaksanaannya. Menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, studi ini menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan dan praktik di sektor kehutanan, pertambangan, dan proyek pembangunan lainnya yang menyangkut wilayah adat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekosongan norma, inkonsistensi antarregulasi, lemahnya pengakuan hukum, serta ketimpangan kekuasaan antara komunitas adat dan negara atau korporasi menjadi hambatan utama implementasi FPIC. Sebagai kesimpulan, dibutuhkan integrasi prinsip FPIC secara utuh ke dalam legislasi nasional dan penguatan kapasitas masyarakat adat agar mereka dapat menjalankan hak atas persetujuan secara substantif. Saran yang diajukan adalah perlunya pengesahan Undang-Undang Masyarakat Adat, penyusunan peraturan daerah tentang tanah ulayat, serta pelibatan aktif masyarakat dalam proses perizinan investasi di wilayah adat. Tanpa reformasi hukum dan komitmen politik yang kuat, pelaksanaan FPIC akan tetap bersifat simbolik dan gagal memberikan perlindungan nyata terhadap hak-hak masyarakat adat.

Kata kunci: FPIC; hak atas tanah; hukum lingkungan; kebijakan pembangunan; masyarakat adat.

ABSTRACT

The principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) is an important mechanism in protecting the rights of indigenous peoples over land and natural resources. However, in the Indonesian context, the FPIC principle has not been explicitly incorporated into the national legal system, despite being recognized in international legal instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and ILO Convention No. 169. This study aims to analyze the position and challenges of implementing the FPIC principle within the Indonesian legal system, and to formulate strategies to strengthen its implementation. Using a normative legal method, this study examines legislation and practices in the forestry, mining, and other development projects involving indigenous territories. The results of the study show that normative gaps, inconsistencies between regulations, weak legal recognition, and power imbalances between indigenous communities and the state or corporations are the main obstacles to the implementation of FPIC. In conclusion, it is necessary to fully integrate the FPIC principle into national legislation and strengthen indigenous peoples' capacity to exercise their right to consent substantively. The recommendations proposed are the need to pass an Indigenous Peoples Act, formulate regional regulations on customary land, and actively involve communities in the investment licensing process in indigenous territories. Without legal reform and strong political commitment, the implementation of FPIC will remain symbolic and fail to provide real protection for the rights of indigenous peoples.

Keywords: development policy; environmental law; FPIC; indigenous communities; land rights.